D. Mridula ¹, C. P. Mishra ², P. Srivastava ³

Affiliations
1 Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana, IN
2 Dept. of PSM, IMS, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IN
3 Dept. of Home Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IN

Abstract

Morbidity and mortality amongst infants and young children are closely associated with the environment in which they live. Inadequate food, exposure to infection and lack of elementary hygiene and care pose hazards, which the young child is unable to cope with.

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D. Mridula ¹, C. P. Mishra ², S. K. Tyagi ¹

Affiliations
1 SS, FG & OP Division, CIPHET, Ludhiana, IN
2 Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, B.H.U, Varanasi - 221 005 (UP), IN

Abstract

Protein Energy Malnutrition is probably the most important health problem in developing countries, both because of its long term effect on physical development and underlying factor in great deal of morbidity and mortality amongst pre school children. Community studies have shown that about 2 to 3 per cent pre school children suffer from clinical forms of malnutrition while a great majority have milder grades which manifest as varying degrees of growth retardation. As healthy growth and development of human resources is vital for socio-economic growth of the country, reduction in mortality and morbidity amongst infant and young children becomes an important task of planners and policy makers.

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D. Mridula ¹, C. P. Mishra ¹

Affiliations
1 FG & OP Division, Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology (CIPHET), Ludhiana, Punjab - 141 004, IN

Abstract

Breast and weaning practices have a major effect on short term and long term health and nutritional well being of infants and young children. In India, breast feeding has been the traditional way of feeding the newborn. It lays the foundation for their healthy psychosocial development. Besides, providing perfect nutrition for infants, it also immunizes the child against common infections.

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D. Mridula ¹, C. P. Mishra ², Archana Chakraverty ³

Affiliations
1 Central Institute of Post Harvest Engg. & Tech., P0, PAU, Ludhiana -141 004 (Pb), IN
2 Dept. of PSM, IMS, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005 (UP), IN
3 Dept. of Home Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005 (UP), IN

Abstract

Maternal health, nutrition and education are important for the survival and well being of women and are the key determinants of the health and well being of the foetus. One of the major factors that promotes the health and well being of the mother is wholesome and nourishing diet. A woman's normal nutritional requirements increases during pregnancy to meet the needs of the growing foetus and of the maternal tissues associated with pregnancy.

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D. Mridula ¹, C. P. Mishra ², Archana Chakraverty ³

Affiliations
1 FG&OP Division, Central Institute of Post Harvest Engg. & Tech., PAUCampus, Ludhiana - 141 004 (Pb)., IN
2 Department of PSM, IMS, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005 (UP), IN
3 Department of Home Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005 (UP), IN

Abstract

As pregnancy imposes a great strain it is essential as well as important that mother leads healthy life throughout child bearing stage. One of the major factors that promotes the health and well being of the mother is wholesome and nourishing diet. WHO signified that a women's normal nutritional requirements increase during pregnancy to meet the needs of the growing foetus and of the maternal tissues associated with pregnancy.

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Sangeeta Pandey ¹, S. K. Tripathi ¹, J. Tandon ¹, C. P. Mishra ¹

Affiliations
1 R.D. Birla SmarakKosh, Bombay Hospital, Mumbai, IN

Abstract

Nutritional problems among children are common in India and one of the reasons is poor feeding practices among the young children. The best way of ensuring child survival is to initiate steps to improve nutritional status of children. Nutrition and hearth of child is the product of dietary intake and morbidities suffered by the child. Several studies have demonstrated that during major diseases viz., diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection, feeding practices are jeopardized.

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S. Nanda ¹, C. P. Mishra ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Science, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar - 751 003, IN
2 Department of P.S.M., I.M.S., Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, IN

Abstract

Growth in infant and young children is a sensitive index of the general state of health. The observations of growth are of utmost importance particularly during infancy and childhood, as it determines the success and failure of dietary habits and child rearing practices of the society. The monitoring of growth and development to detect deviations from normal, provides one of the simplest, but important method of assessing the health of a child. In order to understand the problem of malnutrition in infants, a study was conducted by recording various anthropometric measurements like weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference, head circumference and chest circumference of infants in some rural and urban slum areas of Varanasi.

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C. P. Mishra ¹, S. Gupta ², I. C. Tiwari ², R. D. Badgaiyan ²

Affiliations
1 Dept. of P.S.M., Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005
2 Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, IN

Abstract

It is well known that maintenance of health is greatly dependent on adequate nutrition. Breast feeding imposes a greater strain than pregnancy on the mother, because the woman nourishes a "fully developed" and rapidly growing baby whose food needs increase day by day. If the mother's diet is satisfactory during pregnancy she will have accumulated a store of nutrients. In readiness for satisfactory breast feeding. If the mother is known to have gone through pregnancy successfully on a faulty and insufficient diet, it means she has freely drawn upon her own tissues to build her baby and she will continue to do so as she nurses her child. Though lactation performance may be sufficient at the cost of health of lactatlng women, but there is a limit even for the continuous withdrawal of nutrients from maternal body and this may result in deterioration of the quality and reduction in quantity of milk.

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J. Tandon ¹, C. P. Mishra ¹, V. Garg ¹, R. K. Dubey ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Preventive and Social Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221, IN

Abstract

Expectant mothers of any society form the high risk group from the nutritional point of view. Pregnancy is a period of physiological changes and high nutritional demands, in developing countries, the diets of such women are poor and thier reserves are minimum. To meet the needs of growing foetus an expansion of maternal tissues, lot of modifications take place in maternal hormonal system to ensure supply of nutirents to the foetus. If maternal resents are adequate, foetus is well protected from the Inadequate Intake during pregnancy.

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C. P. Mishra ¹, D. C. S. Reddy ¹, I. C. Tiwari ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221 005, IN

Abstract

Malnutrition is a disease of complex interactions and the facets that require to be understood are countless. It's course and severity arc determined by the cumulative effect of a negative balance of various biological, social, cultural, economic and environmental factors. Dietary inadequacy and infections have been considered as the predominant etiological factors in its causation. Also, their contribution to onset ond seventy varies from one community to another.

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C. P. Mishra ¹, D. C. S. Reddy ¹, I. C. Tiwari ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, IN

Abstract

Several studies have documented that human milk has specific nutritional properties. The emerging trend of rapidly declining breast feeding, as reported by several workers needs to be studied whether it has trickled in the isolated societies such as Harijans and tribals and its possible influence on growth pattern of these children.

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